Taught by
Stephen Armstrong
Taught by
Stephen ArmstrongWe dive back into the first ten laws called the Ten Commandments
We’re spending more time on each of these laws than we will on later laws because the ten commandments warrant the attention
We want to understand what each commandment meant to Israel, who was bound to this Law by their covenant
Secondly, we have spent time with each commandment learning how the Law of Christ incorporates and expands on these same statutes
So far, we’ve covered six of the ten
Last week we looked at taking the Lord’s name in vain, the Sabbath, honoring parents and murder
In each case, we considered how the Lord expanded the intent of the Law to encompass the full spirit of God’s intent in these laws
Speaking in vain includes all forms of harmful speech
Honoring parents includes honoring church family
Murder includes hateful thoughts, etc.
Frankly, we could teach for a month of Sundays on each commandment, so there are topics we have left unaddressed by necessity
But we welcome your questions, just as many have already written with their questions the teaching has raised
Tonight we cover the final four commandments and then finish out the chapter
Let’s read the next commandment found in v.14
First, let’s define the word “adultery” as it was commonly understood in Israel
Adultery under the Law of Moses is sexual intercourse when one or both partners are married
Under Jewish law, to be betrothed was equal to marriage
So sexual relations with someone betrothed to another was also adultery
The purpose of the Law in Israel is two-fold
First, the sanctity of marriage was to be honored and preserved
Once a commitment has been made to one person in marriage, that commitment must be honored
Do you think the Lord believed that marriage was important?
Consider that among the first ten laws, three commandments address the strength and sanctity of the family
Honoring parents, honoring your spouse, and honoring other marriages
Clearly, maintaining the health of the family was a priority for the Lord
Secondly, God has appointed Israel to a people called out from the world, and the people of Israel must protect the family lines God created
If marriage were not sacrosanct, then the bloodline of Israel would be at risk
More importantly, the seed promise might be corrupted
God promised that through Abraham’s seed would come the Messiah
If the seed line was compromised by infidelity, then the promise couldn’t be verified
It’s also important to note what adultery is not
First, adultery is not a state of being
It is a sexual act
The offense happens in that moment
Afterward, the person might be labeled an adulterer in the same way that someone can be called a murderer because of a prior act of murder
But they are not continuing in adultery unless the sexual act is repeated
Secondly, sexual conduct outside marriage (fornication) is not the same offense
Adultery was punishable by death under the Law
But fornication was a different crime and carried a different penalty
In Exodus 22 we’ll learn that the penalty involves restitution
And the requirement to marry if her father permits
While the Law promoted the sanctity of marriage, the Law also made provision for divorce
That provision is found in Deut 24
The Law provided for a man to send his wife away with a certificate of divorce if he found some indecency in her
With that certificate of divorce in hand, the woman had a chance to remarry
Without such a certificate, a married woman could never convince another man to marry her
Because that man would be concerned about violating the law against adultery and face a penalty of death
Notice also that the Law forbid a woman married a second time from returning to her first husband
The reason given is because she has been defiled
This is our first clue that God doesn’t see a divorce as the clean break we may think it is
Later in Jeremiah, God draws a lesson from this Law in passing judgment on Israel
The Lord draws from the Law to make a spiritual point to unfaithful Israel
The Lord called Himself a Husband to Israel, who He called His wife
But the nation was unfaithful to the Lord, so the Lord gave the nation a certificate of divorce, spiritually speaking
Then Israel entered into a new relationship with Baal worship and other idolatry
So the Lord determines to send the the ten northern tribes into exile
And here Lord warns through the nation will call to the Lord and ask to return to Him, He won’t listen
The Lord asks if it would be right for a Husband to accept His wife back when she finally begs to return to Him after she has married herself to another?
The Law prohibited this possibility
Until the Law has been fulfilled, these tribes have no possibility of returning to the Lord
You can study more about how that happens in the Revelation study
Turning to the New Testament and the Law of Christ guiding believers, we see this commandment clearly continued and expanded
First, Jesus spoke these words concerning the matter of adultery
Jesus He broadens the law just as He has in previous commandments
Just as the prohibition against unlawful killing was broadened to include hateful thoughts, now adultery was broadened to include even lustful desires
Jesus is not saying that lustful thoughts are adultery
He’s saying that they are the moral equivalent under God’s law
If you’ve never committed adultery but you have entertained lustful thoughts, you are no less guilty before God than the person who acted on their lust
Our modern world is desperately trying to create lustful thoughts in your head at every turn
Advertisers seek your attention with sexy models
Entertainers and celebrities provoke lust for attention and profits
Young teens seek approval, acceptance and love by dressing provocatively
Websites, books, music and movies push the limits and throw away the limits to sell lust to an eager audience
Everywhere you look, the world is ready to provoke lust in your heart
But the upward call of Christ demands that we wouldn’t fall for that temptation any more easily than we might commit adultery
Some of us may fall to both
But most of us treat one very differently than the other, leaving us far more willing to entertain lust than adultery
It ought not to be this way
If that weren’t challenging enough, Jesus goes even further in defining what is adultery
Secondly, Jesus declares that when we dissolve a marriage through divorce and enter into new marriages, we also commit adultery
From God’s point of view, a new marriage piles on top of the prior marriage
It doesn’t replace the first marriage...they coexist
And therefore, the sexual union that forms that marriage is adultery
Again, the new marriage begins with an act of adultery, but adultery is an act, not a state of being
The new marriage isn’t a continual act of adultery, but it is founded on a sinful basis
The Pharisees challenged Jesus on this interpretation by reminding Him that the Law of Moses included a provision for a certificate of divorce
But Jesus sets the Pharisees straight concerning how they should have understood that provision
First, Jesus returns to the origins and definitions of marriage itself
Marriage is a union of two into a single flesh
And once that union has been created, no man can declare it separated
So the Law of Moses couldn’t change that reality, coming after the institution of marriage was established by God
Secondly, even in the Law itself, we see evidence that even though the Law included a provision for divorce, nevertheless God still considered the divorce to be wrong
For example, there is no Law that actually authorizes the writing of a certificate of divorce
Even in the Law we read in Deuteronomy, chapter 24 never gives permission for a certificate to be written
It simply sets rules for what happens to a wife after a husband chooses to divorce her
It only deals with the aftermath of divorce
Furthermore, the law says that a woman who has remarried after a divorce can’t return to her first husband because she has been defiled
If God considered a remarried woman to be defiled by that remarriage, then clearly a certificate of divorce didn’t permit the woman to remarry
On the contrary, God states plainly in Malachi 2:16 that He hates divorce
So if God hates divorce and never permitted divorce in the Law, why does Moses reference such a certificate in Deuteronomy in chapter 24?
Jesus explains that this provision was made because of the hardness of men’s hearts
The Lord knew that sinful men would divorce their wives without God’s permission
And certainly God never gave men that permission
But in that culture, a woman who had been sent away by her husband would be without hope to find support
She couldn’t work
She wouldn’t have any possessions or wealth
So she would likely starve to death
Therefore, God made provision for the woman by making reference to a certificate of divorce
He didn’t permit it
He simply acknowledged it
But by that acknowledgment, the Lord ensured that men would give their ex-wives proof that they were no longer married and could find a new source of support
But now we learn that those new marriages were created by an act of adultery
This is why the first husband could never take his wife back under his roof once she had remarried
And likewise today, a man or woman who remarries after leaving a marriage, commits adultery
Furthermore, the Law of Christ demands patience, love and understanding from both the man and the woman so that marriage may be strong
The OT Law offered little in the way of marriage counseling
It merely set the expectation that the marriage remain intact
But the NT writers give considerable advice to both husbands and wives to acts in ways to hold marriages together
Our relationship with Christ is pictured by marriage in scripture
He is called our Groom and the Church is the Bride of Christ
Our union is understood to be a betrothal
And therefore, if God decided to borrow imagery from human marriage to describe our relationship with Christ, then it tells us how indivisible the marriage covenant must be in reality
Just as nothing can separate us from our Groom, Christ
Similarly, nothing can separate a marriage
The Law of Christ raises the bar on the seventh commandment for every Christian
Save yourself for marriage
Once you marry, see that marriage the way the Lord sees it:
You are married until death do you part
Work on your marriage, making its preservation your highest goal
See it as your witness to the world of the relationship you enjoy in Christ
Protect it knowing that as you honor your spouse and your marriage, you reflect your faith
Should one member of the marriage give up and leave or even file for a legal divorce, remember you still remain married in God’s eyes
Remain single forevermore hoping the spouse reconsiders and returns
If one remarries, then they commit adultery on the other
In summary, there is no going back on any marriage
If you have remarried, stay married
Adultery is an act, not a state of being
Just as the Law prevented men from taking back a twice married woman, so are we not to repeat our mistakes
Moving on to the next commandment
The very fact that God’s law forbid taking another’s property teaches us something about God’s economic point of view
God is not a communist
He believes in private property ownership rights
A man can possess property and expect that he might never be denied access to it
As we’ll study more later, the Law expands private properly law considerably, establishing tort law for how private property crimes are to be adjudicated
If you deprive someone of something, you had an obligation to return it or compensate them for it
That our modern civil law is based on God’s law will become self-evident as we read through the Law
How did Jesus carry over this law and it expand for the believer?
First, it is restated plainly, both in the Gospels and through the NT Epistles
Secondly, the sin of stealing is also equated with desires heart, particularly greedy gain, fraud, dishonest business dealings, slothful dependence, and the general love of money
For example, Jesus says:
In fact, Paul says greed can lead to idolatry in Colossians 3:5 and denounces sordid gain in 1Tim 3:8
In other words, the purpose of the eighth commandment was merely to prohibit the active taking of something in another’s possession
It intended to put to an end any action intended to enrich ourselves in an unloving way at someone else’s expense
Whether we trick someone into spending too much
Or scheme in business or conduct shading business dealings
Or misuse our employer’s time or misrepresent our goods for sale, etc.
Remember, even forms of business that may be legal according to the nations laws can still violate the standards of the NT Law of Christ
Just like the laws of our nation may permit remarriage, Jesus says it is adultery
Likewise, the laws of our nation may permit some business practices that Jesus has taught are actually sinful acts of stealing
In fact, just a greedy desire for possessions is itself a violation of this commandment in the NT Law of Christ
How does greed qualify as a form of stealing?
Well, consider that the Lord is the owner of all that the earth contains
And scripture teaches that the Lord assigns to each according to His will
So that when we allow our greedy hearts to rule over us and drive us to seek after things the Lord has not assign for us, we are stealing from the Lord in a sense
We are taking for ourselves something that the Lord, the owner of all things, has not given into our hands
If you want the best possible perspective on this question, you should consult the man who knew better than anyone how it feels to seek after everything: Solomon
Read the second chapter of Ecclesiastes
It begins with Solomon saying
And ends this way
Notice that God does believe in the redistribution of wealth
He has appointed to the person who is good to have spiritual wisdom, knowledge and joy - things you can’t buy
But to the sinner, the Lord has appointed the task of working to gather the material of the world
Ultimately, the wealth collected by that sinner will find its way to bless the righteous in God’s sight
Therefore, when a believer tries to gain wealth by imitating the sinner’s methods, they circumvent God’s purposes
And they violate the spirit of the eighth commandment
Now the ninth commandment
In strict legal terms, the commandment instructs Israel not to testify falsely against someone else in a matter of justice
In broad terms, however, the Law was commanding truth telling in all situations
In fact, in Leviticus 19:11, the Law plainly states that no one may lie to another
Furthermore, the Law also precluded slandering
At the root of this commandment is preservation of truth
Truth is an absolute, and all that is true comes from the Lord
While all that is false comes from the enemy
For example, when we lie even about a little thing, we are showing evidence of sin in us
And that sin originated with a lie that Satan told to Woman in the garden
In effect, our lies are an ever-present reminder that sin began with a lie, and the effect of that first lie is still playing out in our bodies today
This commandment endeavors to promote Truth and to diminish lies in the people of Israel
In the Law of Christ, we see this commandment represented and expanded once again
Beyond lying and false witness, which are specifically prohibited, the NT saint is likewise prohibited from a long list of sins of speech
Flattering speech
Gossip
Slander
Deceit
Abusive speech
Arrogant speech
How do these other forms of speech relate to lying?
Lying is the simplest description for promoting something that is false, not the truth, and therefore not from God
These other forms of prohibited speech are each falsehood in some manner
Gossip is taking an unhealthy interest in another’s situation or discussing it without their consent
But it usually involves passing along information that is wrong or incomplete
Slander is fictitious accusations
Abusive speech is speaking so as to cause harm, which is not truthful speech
Etc.
The Christian is called to guard our tongues and season our speech to make sure that everything we speak is edifying
The standard is not merely to avoid saying the wrong thing
But the true test of love for a NT saint is to endeavor to always say an edifying thing
Finally, the tenth commandment
To covet can be defined as wanting something we can’t (or shouldn’t) have, or in some cases, wanting more of something we already have enough of
In the Law, the Lord lists six specific examples of coveting and then adds a seventh general prohibition
Since the Lord includes the seventh general statement, we know that the six earlier things were not intended to be the limit of the Law
They were merely representative of the things men typically covet
These six represent the six most valuable items any many would typically possess in Moses’ day, listed in descending order of value according to man’s standards (not God’s)
A man’s desires usually correspond to the perceived value of things
The list includes representations of wealth, power, status, and well-being
Coveting is a particularly dangerous sin in that it can be experienced inwardly though never expressed outwardly
Men secretly (or not so secretly) desire what other men have, and that is a form of selfishness
Coveting is an attitude more than an action, though it can certainly lead to sinful actions
Coveting can lead to jealousy, lying, stealing, murder and a host of other sinful behaviors
Fo this reason, the Lord prohibited even our desiring for other things
There is a difference, however, between wanting something and coveting something
A newly married couple can want for a child, while a childless couple covets another’s newborn baby
One hard working employee can want for a promotion, while his colleague covets his boss’ position
One man can have desire for a woman, while another covets his roommate’s girlfriend
A child can want a special toy for his birthday, while another covet’s his brother’s bike
The point is that coveting isn’t defined by the item in question or even the extent of our desire
Coveting is wanting for things that already belong to another and have not been appointed for us by God
Wanting becomes coveting when our desires turn from things that might become ours to things that shouldn’t become ours
The principle behind this commandment is incredibly important to understanding how the Jew was to live according to it
It begins with an understanding of Who owns all things to begin with
Everything that exists is property of the Lord
And not merely the natural things in the world
But also the things men create with their hands still belong to the Lord
He is the Creator and all that is created traces its origins to Him
Furthermore, the Lord designated a portion of creation to each man according to His will
This truth is especially evident in the life of the nation of Israel
Moses explains that the Lord had given to each tribe and person within Israel a portion of an inheritance that the Lord designated
His will is reflected in this allotment, so when a Jew coveted what another had received, he was indirectly challenging God’s will
So coveting wasn’t merely a sin because it leads to sinful thoughts or sinful actions against other people
It is sin because it indicts God’s goodness and His wisdom
It suggests that we know better what we should have than does God
It repeats the sin of Adam when he chose to eat the fruit that God said wasn’t given to Adam
Just as lying repeats the sin of Satan, coveting repeats the sin of Woman and Adam
How does the NT challenge Christians to follow this command?
First, the NT writers frequently call Christians to contentment
Once again, the NT reasoning for calling us to contentment is God’s goodness in deciding what we should have
The writer says be content with what you have, because the Lord has said that He will always be with us
How does this explain the need for contentment?
Because if the Lord is always with us, then we can safely assume He is fully aware of our circumstances and our needs
And in light of that knowledge, He has made a certain provision available
That provision should not be challenged
Secondly, the Law of Christ commands us recognize that the Lord controls our possessions and so seek the Lord for everything we desire
James addresses this problem in particular in his letter
James points out that our desires cross the line and become sinful when they are driven by the lust of the flesh
Murder, envy, fights are all the result of a desire that is centered in the flesh
This is the opposite of desires of heart that arise out of the Spirit’s leading
If the Spirit is leading us to a desire, then the natural response should be to pray and ask the Lord to deliver the thing we desire
By that prayer, we acknowledge that all good things come from the Lord, as James also teaches
And we ask knowing that the Lord will grant it if it is the right thing for us
These are the right motives that James says we must have to receive something from the Lord
By contrast, wrong motives are desires that originate in our flesh and lead to sinful thoughts and actions
We want something we can’t have, so we kill for it
Or we are envious of what another has, so we quarrel with them
So the Christian’s call under the Law of Christ isn’t merely not to covet something we shouldn’t have
It includes commands to ask the Lord for everything we want
It isn’t merely a matter of guarding against wanting the wrong thing in the wrong way
It has become a command to be content, to recognize that the Lord provides us with what He chooses, and to seek Him for anything else we want
The annals of the Christian faith are filled with stories of men who sought God for their needs, and then waited to see how God would respond
But the best example as usual is Jesus Himself
He declared that He had no where to lay His head
Jesus was homeless during his adult ministry
Never in the three years of His life recorded in the Gospels do we see Jesus ever go to a place considered his home
He had no income, He had no possessions from what we can tell
And when He was asked to pay tax, this is what He did
Furthermore, the Lord found food by multiplying fish and loaves
And at other times He depended on the kindness of others
The point is that Jesus acted as if He owned nothing because He owned everything
He had everything at His disposal, so He didn’t toil to separate out some for Himself at the expense of others
Likewise, our Father in Heaven has ownership of everything
So we are called to live without undue interest in other’s goods and without the distraction of lustful desires leading to greater sin
Instead, ask the Lord for what you desire, with a motive to serve Him, knowing that everything in the world is at His disposal
And then when you see what comes, be content knowing that this is the Lord’s choice for us
Perhaps this is best summed up in Proverbs
Scripture quotations taken from the (NASB®) New American Standard Bible®, Copyright © 1995, 2020 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. All rights reserved. www.lockman.org